Nietzsche was a German philosopher during the 19th century who wrote heavily on consciousness, religion, science, and morals. Works such as Bruce Detwiler's Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (University of Chicago Press, 1990), Fredrick Appel's Nietzsche Contra Democracy (Cornell University Press, 1998), and Domenico Losurdo's Nietzsche, il ribelle aristocratico (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2002) challenge the prevalent liberal interpretive consensus on Nietzsche and assert that Nietzsche's elitism was not merely an aesthetic pose but an ideological attack on the widely held belief in equal rights of the modern West, locating Nietzsche in the conservative-revolutionary tradition. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in Röcken bei Lützen, a small village in Prussia (part of present-day Germany). Although he blamed Jews for inventing the religious slave morality which preceded Christianity and undermined the aristocratic Roman Empire,[92] he also often praised Jewish intelligence and achievements. Man is something that shall be overcome. [97] Due to his complex views and occasionally contradictory comments on these matters, the idea of Nietzsche as a predecessor to Nazism and fascism remains controversial and debated among scholars (see: Nietzsche and fascism). [90]. Literary and Philosophical Work of the 1880s. Nietzsche titled aphorism 377 in the fifth book of The Gay Science (published in 1887) "We who are homeless" (Wir Heimatlosen),[100] in which he criticized pan-Germanism and patriotism and called himself a "good European". He contrasted such mundane, petty politics with his idea of "great politics", and often praised individual politicians such as Napoleon. He interpreted Napoleon as an autocratic genius who stood above conventional morality and tried to revive the aristocratic spirit of Roman Empire, paganism and Renaissance, and not as a progressive revolutionary leader like some of his contemporaries. In 1869, Nietzsche took a position as a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. [124], The first philosophical study comparing Kierkegaard and Nietzsche was published even before Nietzsche's death. This article is about Nietzsche's philosophy. In Ecce Homo (1888), Nietzsche criticized the "German nation" and its "will to power (to Empire, to Reich)", thus underscoring an easy misinterpretation of the Wille zur Macht, the conception of Germans as a "race", and the "anti-Semitic way of writing history", or of making "history conform to the German Empire", and stigmatized "nationalism, this national neurosis from which Europe is sick", this "small politics".[99]. These points of difference from Schopenhauer cover the whole philosophy of Nietzsche. However, he did never recommend or argue for suicide – this is a common misconception – and aims to motivate those who abhor the world back to an active life with self-chosen goals. How far this mode of thought has carried me already, how far it will carry me yet – I am almost afraid to imagine. [120], Nietzsche knew little of the 19th-century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. The eternal hourglass will again and again be turned—and you with it, dust of dust!" [73] Nietzsche used the term race in two different meanings, for ethnic groups and social classes. The last decade of his life was spent in a state of mental incapacitation. Although he participated in the war as a volunteer, he soon became disillusioned by the new Reich seeing the subsequent development in German culture as vulgar and triumphalist. And man shall be that to Übermensch: a laughingstock or painful embarrassment. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. [58][59][60] He named him together with Savonarola, Martin Luther, Robespierre and Saint-Simon as fanatics, “sick intellects” who influence masses and stand in opposition to strong spirits. Friedrich Nietzsche developed his philosophy during the late 19th century. He considered the individual subject as a complex of instincts and wills-to-power, just as any other organization. He transferred to the University of Leipzig, where he studied philology, a combination of literature, linguistics and history.

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