[50.] [90.] [143.] "47 Indeed, two biologists wrote in Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics: "it remains a mystery how the undirected process of mutation, combined with natural selection, has resulted in the creation of thousands of new proteins with extraordinarily diverse and well optimized functions. Freeman, 2007), 42. "128 In other words, universal common ancestry may in fact, not be true. Due to the depletion of trees for commercial purposes, there has been a drastic change in the earth’s climate. But the Cambrian explosion is by no means the only explosion of life recorded in the fossil record. Arcady R. Mushegian, James R. Garey, Jason Martin and Leo X. Liu, "Large-Scale Taxonomic Profiling of Eukaryotic Model Organisms: A Comparison of Orthologous Proteins Encoded by the Human, Fly, Nematode, and Yeast Genomes," Genome Research, 8 (1998): 590-598. [154.] See "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" at http://www.dissentfromdarwin.org/. The earth's early atmosphere is thought to have been produced by outgassing from volcanoes, and the composition of those volcanic gasses is related to the chemical properties of the Earth's inner mantle. [41.] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 59. In order to evolve into the DNA / protein-based life that exists today, the RNA world would need to evolve the ability to convert genetic information into proteins. Yet the now-dubious "junk-DNA" paradigm was born and bred inside the evolutionary paradigm based upon the idea that our genome was built through random mutations. Chemical, physical, and biological weathering are some of the types of…, The diversity of the world we inhabit cannot be measured in terms of physical features alone. A paper in the journal Biological Theory puts it this way: This assumption is essentially an articulation of a major feature of the theory - the idea of universal common ancestry. Fountains spray water in the air, the water jet propels upwards reaching a specific altitude, and then comes back. Absent selection, there is no reason for random mutations alone -- i.e. [48.] "109 Similarly, a paper in Genome Research studied the DNA sequences in various animal groups and found that "different proteins generate different phylogenetic tree[s]. But also, if Darwinian evolution is true, construction of trees using different sequences should reveal a reasonably consistent pattern across different genes or sequences. The same principle applies to radio frequencies too. They even found "convergent" similarity between some bird mtDNA and the mtDNA of distant species such as snakes and lizards. [2.] Recycle the waste to conserve natural resources. [100.] Problem 3: Random Mutations Cannot Generate the Genetic Information Required for Irreducibly Complex Structures. Walter Carl Hartwig, "Patterns, Puzzles and Perspectives on Platyrrhine Origins," in Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell, pp. As Miller showed later, he could not make organics in an 'oxidizing' atmosphere. [142.] [134.] This chapter has cited dozens of papers from the technical scientific literature and by credible scientists which, taken together, pose strong scientific challenges to modern evolutionary theory. [22.] With so many exceptions to the rule, one has to wonder if the rule itself holds merit. From time to time, publications have appeared listing “unsolved” problems in biology. Ann Gauger, Stephanie Ebnet, Pamela F. Fahey, and Ralph Seelke, "Reductive Evolution Can Prevent Populations from Taking Simple Adaptive Paths to High Fitness," BIO-Complexity, 2010 (2): 1-9. [117.] R.S.K. Pseudogenes are thought to be copies of once-functional genes that have been inactivated through mutations. Differential equations have a remarkable ability to predict the world around us. G. John Measey, Miguel Vences, Robert C. Drewes, Ylenia Chiari, Martim Melo, and Bernard Bourles, "Freshwater paths across the ocean: molecular phylogeny of the frog Ptychadena newtoni gives insights into amphibian colonization of oceanic islands," Journal of Biogeography, 34: 7-20 (2007).

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