0000010699 00000 n This strategy has been considered by Nishii and Ozaki [175] and Eches et al. 0000007450 00000 n 0000038832 00000 n For Thann, the main features correspond to gypsum (1750, 2216, and 2265 nm, the diagnostic being the 1750 nm feature) with an additional iron feature in the VNIR at 1000 nm for red gypsum. The candidates with lower error between the original spectrum and the projected spectrum in the ST space will likely be associated with the image constituents. 0000037815 00000 n In the SWIR, there is a clear identification of the Al-OH feature at 2270 nm for both bauxite and alumina while Bauxaline shows a “flat” spectrum, consistent with its composition as a residue. First of all, many pixel subsets are generated from each of the multisets associated with the different populations studied. Kinch39 reports a via-hole type structure in which each pixel has two via-holes. Fig. The multispectral imaging usually concerns the acquisition of images in a few wavelengths usually up to six spectral bands between visible and near-infrared (NIR) (Jensen, Apan, Young, & Zeller, 2007). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Here it should be stressed that in cases where the image is relatively homogeneous, the introduction of the spatial information just strengthens the spectral-based partitioning, so that the resulting clusters are the same that would be obtained by standard fuzzy C-means. 0000008225 00000 n A pixel size of 40 μm for each colour is used in 128 × 128 demonstrators for MW / MW arrays. Xanthoula Eirini Pantazi, ... Dionysis Bochtis, in Intelligent Data Mining and Fusion Systems in Agriculture, 2020. 0000007296 00000 n in a process called SUMIT for Simultaneous Unipolar Multispectral Integrated Technology.63 The DLPH structure can be turned into a two-colour device by having two absorbers of different bandgap separated by a wide bandgap barrier. spectral signature and filling in the spectral signature database. Deterministic counterparts of these Bayesian approaches have also shown interesting results when incorporating additional spatial information through an appropriate regularization. }���l�)z8?�ե5i��6�M[��RɇWZ'p�7,�1�&�����%wF)@�s�`^��;P����9�� ���`����l[y�VT���q��R�gx������ů��k�J�/���ߞ,�z����j�4���{�uG ��54i&7t��߇`��M>�? Even in the presence of ambiguity, the ST matrix will accurately define the space of spectral signatures. 2 and the spectra after different spectral preprocessing methods. In hyperspectral imaging, no matter the spatial resolution, the spectral signatures collected in natural environments are invariably a mixture of the signatures of the various materials found within the spatial extent of the ground instantaneous field view of the imaging instrument. 0000005910 00000 n The shrink potential of dual-colour technologies is limited by the need for two contacts per pixel. We present here two examples from two French industrial sites (Fig. One of the main properties of some spectral preprocessing methods is that they are also able to remove physical artifacts reflected in the signal. Indicators, such as the VIP coefficients, indicate which fingerprint regions and, as a consequence, which families of biomolecules, are most responsible for the differences encountered among classes. Litwiller wrote a very well-detailed manuscript [26] comparing both architectures, pros and cons, making clear that both architectures have room to grow in the coming years. Nevertheless, special care must be taken in the selection of the spectral subwindow, since large subwindows will eliminate informative peaks, while small windows might generate more noise. Nevertheless, the main problem of CMOS is the higher spectral noise. It subtracts the mean of the spectrum and divides it by the standard deviation. In the VNIR, the iron feature was clearly identified for red gypsum while no absorptions were present for white gypsum and calcite. The polarity of the input MOSFET and the gain within the silicon must be matched to the technology and application. 1089 118 Most dual-colour devices using indium bumps need two contacts within each pixel and make contact to the underlying layer using an etching stage. 0000039419 00000 n The process in Gardanne is clearly identified from the residues, while only partially in Thann (no stockpile of product available). Usually, additional statistical methods, such as PLS-DA or ASCA, allow for a quantitative assessment of the significance of the changes associated with a particular factor and a qualitative interpretation of the fingerprint zones most affected by the -omic changes. More precisely, in common SU approaches, each component is assumed to be uniquely represented by a single spectral signature. 4, middle and lower right). 0000008070 00000 n Sample compositions were determined using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, confirming the identification made based on spectral analysis. When applying the AGM to the images, we successfully identified and mapped minerals of interest characteristics of each sites. Especially to the left, the spectral signature of iron oxide is increasingly abundant. x���1 0ð4��c\w�D&`�'MF[����. 0000014392 00000 n 0000003711 00000 n José Manuel Amigo, Silvia Grassi, in Data Handling in Science and Technology, 2020. Akin to a large majority of BSS or NMF techniques, SU algorithms generally operates in a pixel-wise fashion, i.e., the mixing and unmixing processes are defined for each pixel independently. In the VNIR, identical deconvolution results are obtained for bauxite and Bauxaline because of the presence of iron, identified as hematite based on the position of the absorption feature at 870 nm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.030. However some noticeable contributions have shown that exploiting contextual (e.g., spatial) information can improve the accuracy of the mixing model as well as the unmixing results. VNIR, Visible near-infrared; SWIR, Short-wavelength infrared. 1206 0 obj<>stream 0000038564 00000 n 0000015661 00000 n Imaging spectroscopy allows for identification and mapping of minerals which can be used as markers for industrial processes. For example, classical spectral methods based on convex geometry are based on the assumption that the vertices of the simplex can be represented by corresponding pixels in the scene. There is a continuous trend to compare which type of detector (CCD or CMOS) performs better. 0000005295 00000 n doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.037; S. Munera, J.M. The identification and mapping of the mineral composition of by-products and residues on industrial sites may provide information on plant processing activities and their impact on the surrounding environment. [176, 177] to promote similar statistical characteristics of the abundance vectors associated with neighboring pixels. Mineral identification is automatically done based on characteristic absorption feature positions for a series of typical industrial minerals. Additionally, for bauxite, shoulders around 2160 and 2210 nm could be attributed to kaolinite, but are masked by the stronger Al-OH feature, indicating low kaolinite content. Top, raw spectra of Fig. The Bayer process converts bauxite ore to alumina (aluminum oxide) by digesting it via sodium hydroxide (NaOH), converting the aluminum oxide in the ore to sodium aluminate. As a matter of example, Fig. For Thann, samples were collected in the field and measured with the same ASD spectrometer in the laboratory (Fig. Fig. Another major assumption commonly admitted when performing SU is the spectral invariance of the materials. 0000006835 00000 n 0000016085 00000 n Here again, combining VNIR and SWIR information and diagnostic band position detection leads to the identification and mapping of minerals of interest at this site despite some common features of the color composite images. This sample belongs to a data set by S. Munera, J.M.

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