During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons, and form electrically charged particles called ions (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): Formation of Ions. The name of a binary molecular compound ends in “ide”, just like the name of a binary ionic compound. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Thus, ionic compounds are electrically neutral overall, even though they contain positive and negative ions. 2 0 obj (b) BaO Write the symbol for each ion and name them. Whereas ionic compounds are usually formed when a metal and a nonmetal combine, covalent compounds are usually formed by a combination of nonmetals. What is its symbol? (d) Na+, \(\ce{HPO4^2-}\) Predict whether the following compounds are ionic or molecular: Using the periodic table, predict whether the following compounds are ionic or covalent: Metals (particularly those in groups 1 and 2) tend to lose the number of electrons that would leave them with the same number of electrons as in the preceding noble gas in the periodic table. CopyCopied, Validated by Experts, Validated by Users, Non-Validated, Removed by Users, Predicted data is generated using the ACD/Labs Percepta Platform - PhysChem Module. What is the formula of this compound? Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Although pure aluminum oxide is colorless, trace amounts of iron and titanium give blue sapphire its characteristic color. In solid form, an ionic compound is not electrically conductive because its ions are unable to flow (“electricity” is the flow of charged particles). We can often identify molecular compounds on the basis of their physical properties. (b) copper(II) sulfate It has the same number of electrons as atoms of the next noble gas, krypton, and is symbolized Br−. Al will form a cation with a charge of 3+: Al3+, an aluminum ion. What bond is formed between potassium and selenium. The name and the formula usually begin with the element that is. For example, the ionic compound sodium oxalate is comprised of Na+ and \(\ce{C2O4^2-}\) ions combined in a 2:1 ratio, and its formula is written as Na2C2O4. Covalent bonding is an important and extensive concept in chemistry, and it will be treated in considerable detail in a later chapter of this text. (e) dinitrogen trioxide As with simple ionic compounds, these compounds must also be electrically neutral, so their formulas can be predicted by treating the polyatomic ions as discrete units. (Ionic, Multivalent, Polyatomic and Covalent. An example of this is potassium and chloride. Because an ionic compound is not made up of single, discrete molecules, it may not be properly symbolized using a molecular formula. Similarly, nonmetals (especially those in groups 16 and 17, and, to a lesser extent, those in Group 15) can gain the number of electrons needed to provide atoms with the same number of electrons as in the next noble gas in the periodic table. Compounds that do not contain ions, but instead consist of atoms bonded tightly together in molecules (uncharged groups of atoms that behave as a single unit), are called covalent compounds. ; In the name, use a prefix to directly specify the number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule. (h) ammonium sulfate, (a) lithium carbonate Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: KCl, NCl3, ICl, MgCl2, PCl5, and CCl4. endobj Does Jerry Seinfeld have Parkinson's disease? (b) \(\ce{NH4+}\), \(\ce{PO4^3-}\) (d) calcium chloride Ions can be either monatomic (containing only one atom) or polyatomic (containing more than one atom). Missed the LibreFest? Ano ang pinakamaliit na kontinente sa mundo? Show the formation of the following ionic compounds using electron-dot structures (Lewis structures). (d) H2Se Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. (b) Rb2O <> Watch the recordings here on Youtube! , meaning they have more electrons than the neutral atoms that are in the ion. CopyCopied, VZZSRKCQPCSMRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Predict which forms an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. (b) sodium perchlorate (f) MoS2, (a) NiCO3 (e) sulfuric acid Q. %���� Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. For compounds containing only monatomic ions (such as NaCl) and for many compounds containing polyatomic ions (such as CaSO4), these formulas are just the empirical formulas introduced earlier in this chapter. Missed the LibreFest? ����_}J�I�����Ń��:��*�g��t���FQ�|�(E�m�bߥ�,�R�*�TL��+,"|�"Ǵ/^������J-��*[�P�j�eʀ��M�L¢�:��R��E2�8��E�w,�؎A��"���2G2��b6̍�x%$J f�n���Z#L��I�*�����B�. dipotassium seleniu m(-2) anion. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110). While we can use the positions of a compound’s elements in the periodic table to predict whether it is ionic or covalent at this point in our study of chemistry, you should be aware that this is a very simplistic approach that does not account for a number of interesting exceptions. (d) Na+, \(\ce{CO3^2-}\) [K+].[K+]. So, polyatomic ions basically look like molecules (they only contain non-metals), but with a charge. Compounds that do not contain ions, but instead consist of atoms bonded tightly together in molecules (uncharged groups of atoms that behave as a single unit), are called covalent compounds. Some of the more important polyatomic ions are listed in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Metals transfer their outer shell electrons to nonmetals in order to fill their outer shells. (d) V2O5 Many ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)) as the cation, the anion, or both. The symbol for the ion is Mg2+, and it is called a magnesium ion. (As a comparison, the molecular compound water melts at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C.) Name these compounds: (a) Cr2O3 Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): (a) A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (11) and is uncharged. Based on the previous chart, if you’re given the name of the compound, you write the formula! This is not the accepted formula for sodium oxalate, however, as it does not accurately represent the compound’s polyatomic anion, \(\ce{C2O4^2-}\). Séléniure de dipota ssium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] DIPOTASSIUM SELANDI IDE. (f) AlF3, (a) NaF A. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) on the basis of the bonds present in them. Have questions or comments? The formula is Ca(H2PO4)2. The positive and negative charges must balance, and this ionic compound must be electrically neutral. Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. The name and the formula usually begin with the element that is more to the left on the periodic table. This trend can be used as a guide in many cases, but its predictive value decreases when moving toward the center of the periodic table. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. Magnesium and nitrogen react to form an ionic compound. (f) Fe2O3. (, name as it appears on the back of your PT), When there is more than one of the polyatomic ion needed you must, show this by placing the ion in brackets to show that the subscript number applies to the whole ion. (e) CoO For example, the formula for calcium phosphate, one of the minerals in our bones, is Ca3(PO4)2. (f) Na2O. When electrons are “shared” and molecules form, covalent bonds result. Also write the names of the compounds. (credit: modification of work by Mark Blaser and Matt Evans). (* molecular have no charges, so NO crossing over!) Nonmetals form negative ions (anions). Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. How much does does a 100 dollar roblox gift card get you in robhx? This results in a cation with 20 protons, 18 electrons, and a 2+ charge. Answer a. covalent. For example, perchlorate is \(\ce{ClO4-}\), chlorate is \(\ce{ClO3-}\), chlorite is \(\ce{ClO2-}\) and hypochlorite is ClO−. (f) sodium bisulfate (the common name for sodium hydrogen sulfate). 3.4: Molecular and Ionic Compounds (Problems), http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110, Adelaide Clark, Oregon Institute of Technology. Write the name or formula for the following: The name of a binary molecular compound ends in “ide”, just like the name of a binary ionic compound. How long will the footprints on the moon last? Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Unlike For example, copper can form ions with a 1+ or 2+ charge, and iron can form ions with a 2+ or 3+ charge. The Al atom has lost three electrons and thus has three more positive charges (13) than it has electrons (10). These ions, which act as discrete units, are electrically charged molecules (a group of bonded atoms with an overall charge).

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